Objective To investigate and understand the fauna and distribution of fleas in Tibet autonomous region (Tibet), and to provide a basis for further research on the fauna of fleas in Tibet. Methods With Linzhi in southeastern Tibet as the spatial scope of investigation and research, small mammals and their parasitic fleas in farming areas at different altitudes were selected as the research objects. From October to November, 2018, large rat traps were used for the investigation and sampling of the small mammals and their parasitic fleas, and the samples were classified and identified in the laboratory. Results A batch of Palaeopsylla Wagner, 1903, specimens were collected and identified as P. helena Lewis, 1973, P. incurva Jordan, 1932, P. medimina Xie et Gong, 1989, and P. polyspina Xie et Gong, 1989, among which P. medimina and P. polyspina were found for the first time in Tibet, setting a new record for flea species in this region. This article recorded and reported the main identification characteristics, distribution areas, host animals, and the head and genital abdominal segments of the two newly recorded species. In addition, this article discussed the geographical distribution of Palaeopsylla in China. Conclusion Up to now, seven species of Palaeopsylla have been known in Tibet Autonomous Region, accounting for 23% of the total number of species in China.

In this article, two new species from genera Xenodaeria Jordan (1932) and Rhadinopsylla Jordan et Rothschild (1912) (Siphonaptera:Ctenophthalmidae), collected from Linzhi, Tibet autonomous region of China, were described. (1) Xenodaeria houyongi sp. nov. Its main features are as follows:The frontal bristle consists of six spiniform bristles with deep ossification; in females, the depression of the posterior margin of sternum Ⅶ was small and shallow, the ventral lobe was wide and large and significantly longer than the dorsal lobe, and the height of the dorsal margin is significantly lower than that of the 7th spiracle; the depression of ventral margin at the bulga of spermatheca is located at the midpoint, and the hilla end has papillae. The holotype (only one ♀) was collected from the body of Crocidura dracula in a farming area (at an altitude of about 1 200 m) of Motuo county, Linzhi in December 2019. (2) Rhadinopsylla ( Actenophthalmus) linzhiensis sp. nov. Its main features are as follows:It has a total of 18 pronotal combs; in males, the movable process of clasper is straight and slender, with symmetrical front and rear margins; the sternum Ⅷ has only 2 bristles; the apex port of posterior arms at sternum Ⅸ has a series of spiniform bristles; the end of uncinate process of the aedeagus is finger-like. The holotype (only one ♂) was collected from the body of Ochtona sp. in a farming area (at an altitude of about 3 000 m) of Bayi town, Linzhi in November 2018.

Objective To investigate the fauna and distribution of fleas in the southeast of Tibet autonomous region, and to provide a basis for further research on flea fauna in the region. Methods Linzhi in the southeast of Tibet was taken as the area for research, and the small mammals and their parasitic fleas in the farming areas of different altitudes were taken as the study subjects; the small mammals were captured using large-size mouse traps and their parasitic fleas were investigated and sampled, and the obtained specimens were classified and identified in the laboratory. Results From the specimens of the genus Genoneopsylla Wu, Wu et Liu, 1966, female specimens of G.zhiyini Wu, Ge et Lan, 2003 were identified for the first time. The morphology and characteristics of the female flea species were described in this article. Conclusion Up to now, four species of the genus Genoneopsylla distributed in Tibet have been identified. With increasing investigation and taxonomic study of the fleas, the number of species of the genus will become larger.

Objective To investigate the fauna and distribution of fleas in the southeast of Tibet autonomous region (Tibet), and to provide a basis for further research on flea fauna in the region. Methods With Linzhi in the southeast of Tibet as the research area, small mammals and their parasitic fleas in the farming areas with different altitudes were selected as the research objects. A large rat trap was used for the investigation and sampling of small mammals, their parasitic fleas were collected, and the specimens were classified and identified in the laboratory. Results A batch of flea specimens of Neopsylla Wagner, 1903, were collected, and among them, N. hongyangensis Li, Bai et Chen, 1986, N. specialis schismatosa (Li, 1980) and N. biseta Li et Hsieh, 1964 were discovered for the first time in Tibet and were the new records of local species. This article describes and reports these three species in terms of the main identifying characteristics, distribution areas, host animals, and the structure of female and male terminalia drawn based on the voucher specimens. In addition, this article discusses the problems in the geographical distribution and classification of fleas. Conclusion Up to now, a total of 8 species (subspecies) of Neopsylla have been discovered in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, Aedes in various breeding sites of Southeastern Tibet were sampled, made into specimens, and subjected to taxonomic identification. Results Among the genus Aedes collected in Motuo county, a total of 6 species from 5 subgenera were identified, i.e., Ae. ( Dan.) albotaeniatus (Leicester, 1904) from the subgenus Danielsia, Ae. ( Pha.) assamensis (Theobald, 1908) from the subgenus Phagomyia, Ae. ( Ken.) dissimilis (Leiceaster, 1908) from the subgenus Kenknightia, Ae. ( Col.) macfarlanei (Edwands, 1914) from the subgenus Collessius, and Ae. ( Ste.) malikuli (Huang, 1973) and Ae. ( Ste.) pseudalbopictus (Borel, 1928) from the subgenus Stegomyia. Among them, the subgenera Danielsia, Phagomyia, and Kenknightia and the six mosquito species were first identified in Tibet, which were new records of the subgenera and species of mosquitoes in Tibet. In this article, a brief description and report was made on the important morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding sites, and the structural diagram of male terminalia of these six mosquito species. In addition, a directory was provided for the 13 subgenera and 23 species (subspecies) of Aedes currently known in Tibet. Conclusion There are 13 subgenera and 23 species (subspecies) of Aedes in Tibet, which account for 46% and 20%, respectively, of the total numbers of subgenera and species of Aedes in China.

Objective To investigate the current status of Siphonaptera fauna and distribution in Tibet Autonomous Region, and to provide a theoretical basis for further research on flea fauna. Methods Related documents and data of the past studies on the taxonomy and fauna of fleas in Tibet Autonomous Region were collected and analyzed. Results There were 108 species (subspecies) of fleas in 36 genera, 11 subfamilies, 7 families, and 4 superfamilies in Tibet. Among them, there were 3 genera and 3 species (subspecies) in Pulcidae, 3 genera and 8 species (subspecies) in Vermipsyllidae, 1 genera and 1 subspecies in Pygiopsyllidae, 9 genera and 27 species (subspecies) in Ctenophthalmidae, 2 genera and 4 species in Ischnopsyllidae, 7 genera and 35 species (subspecies) in Leptopsyllidae, and 11 genera and 30 species (subspecies) in Ceratophyllidae. There were 12 species (subspecies) of flea vectors of plague, accounting for about 11% of the total local fleas. In addition, this article introduced the species list, geographical distribution, and host animals of fleas in this area. Conclusion Up to now, there are 108 species (subspecies) of fleas in 36 genera and 7 families in Tibet, among which 12 species are vector fleas associated with plague.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae collected from various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of specimens of genus Tripteriodes was collected in Motuo county, and two species of mosquitoes, Tripteriodes ( Rac.) aranoides (Theobald, 1901) and Tr. ( Tri.) similis (Leicester, 1908), were identified. This genus and the two species were found in Tibet for the first time. This article briefly reports the important morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment, and the structure of the male terminalia of this genus and its two species of mosquitoes. Conclusion So far, there are two subgenera and two species of the genus Tripteriodes in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of Aedes specimens were collected in Motuo and was identified as subgenus Aedes and Ae. ( Aed.) mubiensis Luh et Shih, 1958, which were discovered for the first time in Tibet Autonomous Region and were the new records of local subgenus and species. Aedes ( Aed.) mubiensis was once found only in Guangxi, Guizhou and Sichuan in southwestern China. It is similar to Ae. ( Aed.) esoensis in northeastern China. However, the two species can be distinguished according to the shape of the end of male basimere, the number of long bristles near the middle inner margin, and the width of the wrinkle zone on the inner margin of dorsal base.This article briefly describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment, and male terminalia of this subgenus and mosquito species. Conclusion Up to now, there are 17 known species of Aedes in Tibet.

Objective To identify Borrelia species in ticks collected in Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous county of Yunnan province using molecular biology detection methods, and to provide a basis for the investigation of local Lyme disease. Methods DNA was extracted from individual free-living ticks collected in Gengma county of Yunnan province in April 2016, and Borrelia DNA was identified by nested-PCR amplification of the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region. Positive samples were further tested by 16S rRNA amplification and verified with the flagellin ( FLA) gene. Results A total of 94 ticks belonging to 3 species were captured, and 14 ticks (14.89%) were positive for Borrelia. All Borrelia-positive ticks were Ixodes ovatus, and there was no significant difference in the rate of Borrelia positivity between sexes ( χ ²=0.746, P=0.388). Ixodes acutitarsus and Dermacentor auratus tested negative for Borrelia. The sequences of the three target gene fragments identified from Borrelia were 98%-99% homologous to those in B. sinica. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the bacterial species identified in this study clustered with B. sinica detected in Sichuan and Anhui provinces, China, and was close to B. japonica but distinct from B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and B. valaisiana. Conclusion Ixodes ovatus collected from Gengma county carries B. sinica. The types and distribution of hosts and vectors of B. sinica and its pathogenicity in humans warrant further investigation.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeast Tibet. Results A batch of Topomyia specimens were collected in Motuo county and were identified as the following three species: Topomyia ( Sua.) houghtoni Feng, 1941, Topomyia ( Top.) zhengi Gong, 1991, and Topomyia ( Top.) hirtusa Gong, 1989. Topomyia ( Top.) hirtusa was discovered for the first time in Tibet and was a new record of local mosquito species. This article reports and briefly describes the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and structure of male terminalia of the three mosquito species. Conclusion Up to now, three species belonging to two subgenera of Topomyia are known in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results A batch of specimens of the genus Aedes were collected in Motuo county, Linzhi. Among them, Aedes ( Diceromyia) whartoni Mattingly, 1965 was identified. The subgenus and species, which were first found in Tibet Autonomous Region and Yunnan province, were a new record of subgenus and species in China. This article briefly describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, geographical distribution, breeding environment, and male terminalia structure of the subgenus Diceromyia and the species whartoni of Aedes. Conclusion Up to now, 16 species of Aedes are known in Tibet.

Objective To investigate the barrier effect of rivers on the spread of rodent plague. Methods The data of the rodent plague foci in Dehong autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, China, from January 1982 to December 2007 were collected. The numbers of townships and plague foci with rodent plague were recorded in each county (city) and in each of the three regions divided by the Daying River and Longchuan River (national borders-Daying River, Daying River- Longchuan River, and Longchuan River-prefecture borders) in each year. The epidemic intensity values of five counties (cities) and three regions were calculated according to the entropy index and adjusted for area size. The difference in adjusted epidemic intensity between the five counties (cities) or the three regions were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis H test. Results During 1982-2007, in Yingjiang, Lianghe, Longchuan, Ruili, and Mangshi, rodent plague was epidemic for 16, 11, 19, 11, and 10 years, respectively, and the numbers of plague foci were 159, 96, 93, 76, and 35, respectively. There was no significant difference in the overall distribution of adjusted epidemic intensity between the five counties ( H=8.277, P=0.082). In the three regions (national borders-Daying River, Daying River-Longchuan River, and Longchuan River-prefecture borders), plague was epidemic for 16, 25, and 10 years, respectively, and the numbers of plague foci were 103, 321, and 35, respectively. There was a significant difference in the overall distribution of adjusted epidemic intensity between the three regions ( H=19.738, P=0.000), and significant differences were also observed between the region from Longchuan River to Daying River and the region from national borders to Daying River or the region from Longchuan River to prefecture borders ( χ ²=18.423, P=0.003; χ ²=26.692, P=0.000). Conclusion Rivers may have a barrier effect on the spread of rodent plague in Dehong prefecture, which may be related to the effects of rivers on the geographical distribution of Yersinia pestis and the community, population and distribution of the host and vector fleas of Y. pestis.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling, specimen preparation, and taxonomic identification were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in the southeastern area of Tibet. Results A batch of Anopheles specimens were collected in Linzhi, and they were identified as Anopheles gigas baileyi, An. lindesayi, An. maculatus, An. willmori, An. pseudowillmori, An. interruptus, and An. bengalensis, among which An. interruptus and An. bengalensis were found for the first time in Tibet and were the new records of mosquito species in this region. This article describes and reports the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and structure of male terminalia of the two species. Conclusion Up to now, 12 species of the two subgenera of Anopheles have been found in Tibet; however, the number of species will further increase with the development of mosquito investigation.

Objective To investigate the infection rate of ecto-and endoparasite of small mammals in Yunnan province, China. Methods From October 15 to December 16, 2016, small mammals were captured using the trap-day method in the northwestern and southern mountainous areas of Yunnan province. The captured small mammals were identified, followed by surface parasite examination and identification. Parasites were collected from diseased organs and intestines after dissection and then identified morphologically. SPSS 17.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Categorical data were expressed as frequency and percentage. The χ ² test was used to compare the infection rate between groups. Results A total of 766 small mammals, which belonged to 44 species, 18 genera, 8 families, and 5 orders, were captured, with a total density of 12.51%. The predominant species included Eothenomys eleusis, Apodemus draco, A. latronum, Anourosorex squamipes, and Rattus tanezumi. The infection rate of ectoparasites was 22.06%, including 21.67% fleas, 7.83% gamasid mites and 1.83% ticks, respectively. Among them, 27 species (61.36%) were flea-carrying small mammals, 24 species (54.54%) were gamasid mites, and 8 species (18.18%) were tick-carrying small mammals. The infection rate of endoparasites was 12.27%, with 6.66% for Hepatica capillariasis, 6.92% for tapeworms, and 0.26% for other nematodes. The rate of infection with ecto-and endoparasites was relatively high in the small mammals captured between 100 and 3 999 meters above sea level. Conclusion With high density and diverse species of small mammals in some mountainous areas of Yunnan province, the infection rate of ecto-and endoparasites is relatively high, resulting in risks of diseases transmitted from small mammals to humans.

Objective To investigate the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet Autonomous Region, China. Methods From August to September, 2017, investigation and sampling were performed for mosquito larvae in various types of breeding sites in southeastern Tibet. Results The genus of Heizmannia and three mosquito species of Hz. heterospina, Hz. reidi, and Hz. macdonaldi were found and captured for the first time in Tibet. They were the new records of the genera and species of local mosquitoes. This article described and reported the main morphological characteristics, distribution areas, breeding environment, and the structure diagram of male terminalia of the genus and species. Conclusion Heizmannia belongs to the Oriental fauna. The distribution of this genus and related species was found for the first time in southeastern Tibet, suggesting that the mosquitoes in southeastern Tibet with a low altitude belong to the Oriental fauna. In addition, the discovery of this genus and related species shows high diversity of mosquitoes in southeastern Tibet.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region. Methods Mosquito larvae of various breeding habitats in southeastern Tibet were investigated and sampled. Results Genus Toxorhynchites, Udaya, and Orthopodomyia, and species Toxorhynchites gravely, Udaya argyrurus, and Orthopodomyia pheloides were first found in Tibet. They are all new records of mosquitoes in Tibet. In this paper, the main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment of the three genera and species, and the morphology of male genitalia with the physical specimens are described and reported. Conclusion Due to the relatively low altitude, abundant rainfall and complex climate and environment in southeastern Tibet, mosquitoes are abundant. With the further investigation of the fauna, the genus and species richness of mosquitoes will undoubtedly increase further.

Objective To investigate and understand the fauna of mosquitoes in Tibet autonomous region. Methods Mosquito larvae of various breeding grounds in southeastern Tibet were investigated and sampled. Results Five species of the genus Armigeres were captured. They were Ar. subalbatus, Ar. seticoxitus, Ar. beisasi, Ar. flavus, and Ar. inchoatus. Among them, the latter four species were first found in Tibet. The main morphological characteristics, distribution area, breeding environment of the four newly recorded species and the morphology of the male terminalia based on the authentic specimens were described and reported. Conclusion Due to the relatively low altitude, abundant rainfall and complex climate and environment in southeastern Tibet, the species of the genus Armigeres are relatively rich. With the deepening of the fauna investigation, the species will undoubtedly increase further.

Objective To explore the feasibility using information entropy formula to measure the epidemic intensity of enzootic plague. Methods The epidemic intensity formula named I _a for enzootic plague based on the information entropy formula was proposed, and used to calculate the epidemic intensity of hypothetical data in 8 epidemic foci (the number of township ≥ 8). The spearman correlation coefficient of the epidemic intensity between Yingjiang and Longchuan counties during 1982-2005 was calculated. Results The epidemic intensity of the hypothetical data showed that the epidemic intensity was the smallest (0.288) when 8 foci were concentrated in 1 townships, while the largest (2.079) when 8 townships each had 1 epidemic focus; with the same foci, the more townships involved in the epidemic, the greater the prevalence intensity. The largest epidemic intensity of Yingjiang (2.107) and Longchuan (1.642) were discovered in 1995 and 1990 respectively; the biggest epidemic intensity of Yingjiang appeared in 1995 (I _a=2.107), rather than in 1993 (I _a=1.885) with the most epidemic foci. The correlation coefficient of epidemic intensity in two counties was 0.301 ( P=0.150), which showed that there was no statistical correlation. Conclusion The formula verified by simulated and actual data is proved to be able to describe the features of complexity and hierarchical structure of plague epidemic, and make possible the comparisons of epidemic intensity temporally and spatially.

Objective To investigate the relationship between the basic law of large-scale spatial distribution pattern of mosquitoes and the main ecological factors affecting their distribution in the residential area of Lancang river of Yunnan province in China. Methods We surveyed the mosquitoes in relation to latitude and elevation along the Lancang river (21°-30° N, 500-3 500 m). Adult mosquito samples were captured using UV light traps in the mountainous residential areas. Results (1) A total of 180 099 adult mosquitoes were collected and identified as 46 species of 7 genera in 2 subfamilies. Among them were the Anopheles 16 species, Culex 15 specie, Aedes 11 species, Uranotaenia, Armigeres, Mansonia, and Culiseta 1 species respectively; (2) γ-diversity (Species richness) of mosquito showed ladder-like downward trend with the increasing latitude and along the altitudinal gradient, species richness showed a gradual downward trend; (3) β-diversity (Cody index) showed a bimodal distribution pattern with the increasing latitude, the two peaks were located at position 24°-25° N and 27°-28° N; along the altitudinal gradient, showed increase at first and then gradual decrease, the highest point was located at 1 000-1 500 m; (4) The result of cluster analysis showed that mosquito species were classified into three main ecological types by cluster analysis, namely Oriental fauna, Palaearctic fauna, and the transitional fauna between them; (5) Mosquito species richness with latitude, elevation, temperature and rainfall in the multiple correlation analysis showed that a negative correlation between the number of mosquito species with latitude and elevation, a positive correlation between with the temperature and rainfall. Conclusion Influenced by factors such as geographic and climatic conditions, the spatial distribution pattern of γ-diversity in the Lancang river basin mosquito populations decreased with increased latitude and altitude, and the general trend of increase with the increase of temperature and rainfall. Among them, the latitude as geographical factors has more prominent impact on the mosquito diversity, and the precipitation as a climatic factor in mosquito diversity plays a leading role.

Objective To investigate the species composition and spatial distribution of small mammals in the mountainous region of southern Pu'er, Yunnan province, China. Methods During 2011 to 2012, a field survey was carried out at 19 villages and towns in four counties (districts) in southern Pu'er, i.e., Simao, Lancang, Menglian, and Jiangcheng. Small mammals were captured with small beast traps in an altitude range of 700-2000 m, covering six altitude gradient belts (Ⅰ-Ⅵ) and five major habitats (A-E). The richness of animal species, genera, and families was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Results A total of 787 individual small mammals were captured and classified into 21 species of 11 genera, which belonged to 5 families of 3 orders, i.e., Rodentia, Insectivora, and Scandentia. Of these, the predominant species were Rattus tanezumi (30.24%), R. brunneusculus sladeni (19.95%), and Crocidura dracula dracula (10.04%). Geologically, the richness of small mammal genera and species presented a gradually increasing trend from east to west. In different vertical zones, there were 11 species (5 genera, 3 families) of small mammals in belt Ⅰ (700 m-), 14 species (10 genera, 4 families) in belt Ⅱ (900 m-), 17 species (9 genera, 5 families) in belt Ⅲ (1100 m-), 7 species (4 genera, 4 families) in belt Ⅳ (1300 m-), 13 species (7 genera, 5 families) in belt Ⅴ (1500 m-), and 12 species (7 genera, 4 families) in belt Ⅵ ( 1700 m-). By comparison, the richness of small mammal species, genera, and families was higher in belts Ⅱ and Ⅲ (around 1000 m) than in the other belts. In the major habitats, there were 13 species (8 genera, 4 families) of small mammals in type A broadleaf forest, 19 species (11 genera, 5 families) in type B farmland in broadleaf forest, 17 species (10 genera, 4 families) in type C mountainous farming area, 5 species (4 genera, 4 families) in type D shrubbery, and 9 species (6 genera, 3 families) in type E forest tea-growing area. Among different habitats, the richness of animal genera and species was the highest in the farmland in broadleaf forest. Conclusion The richness of small mammal genera and species presents a gradually increasing trend from east to west in the mountainous region of southern Pu'er, Yunnan. Among the 21 species of small mammals, R. tanezumi occurs as the predominant species with strong spatial distribution ability. There exist certain differences between different small mammal species in their selection and orientation of the environment as well as the ability of space resource utilization.

Objective To investigate the species composition and spatial distribution of small mammals in the mountainous region of southern Pu’er, Yunnan province, China. Methods During 2011 to 2012, a field survey was carried out at 19 villages and towns in four counties (districts) in southern Pu’er, i.e., Simao, Lancang, Menglian, and Jiangcheng. Small mammals were captured with small beast traps in an altitude range of 700-2000 m, covering six altitude gradient belts (Ⅰ-Ⅵ) and five major habitats (A-E). The richness of animal species, genera, and families was analyzed using the Shannon?Wiener diversity index. Results A total of 787 individual small mammals were captured and classified into 21 species of 11 genera, which belonged to 5 families of 3 orders, i.e., Rodentia, Insectivora, and Scandentia. Of these, the predominant species were Rattus tanezumi (30.24%), R. brunneusculus sladeni (19.95%), and Crocidura dracula dracula (10.04%). Geologically, the richness of small mammal genera and species presented a gradually increasing trend from east to west. In different vertical zones, there were 11 species (5 genera, 3 families) of small mammals in belt Ⅰ (700 m-), 14 species (10 genera, 4 families) in belt Ⅱ (900 m-), 17 species (9 genera, 5 families) in belt Ⅲ (1100 m-), 7 species (4 genera, 4 families) in belt Ⅳ (1300 m-), 13 species (7 genera, 5 families) in belt Ⅴ (1500 m-), and 12 species (7 genera, 4 families) in belt Ⅵ ( 1700 m-). By comparison, the richness of small mammal species, genera, and families was higher in belts Ⅱ and Ⅲ (around 1000 m) than in the other belts. In the major habitats, there were 13 species (8 genera, 4 families) of small mammals in type A broadleaf forest, 19 species (11 genera, 5 families) in type B farmland in broadleaf forest, 17 species (10 genera, 4 families) in type C mountainous farming area, 5 species (4 genera, 4 families) in type D shrubbery, and 9 species (6 genera, 3 families) in type E forest tea-growing area. Among different habitats, the richness of animal genera and species was the highest in the farmland in broadleaf forest. Conclusion The richness of small mammal genera and species presents a gradually increasing trend from east to west in the mountainous region of southern Pu’er, Yunnan. Among the 21 species of small mammals, R. tanezumi occurs as the predominant species with strong spatial distribution ability. There exist certain differences between different small mammal species in their selection and orientation of the environment as well as the ability of space resource utilization.

Objective To understand the breeding condition of dogs and cats and their cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, infection in several areas of China, so as to provide basic evidence for cat flea and related infectious diseases prevention and control. Methods Door-to-door household survey was used to know the dogs and cats feeding condition in the suburb of Beijing, and rural areas of Qingdao of Shandong province and Dali of Yunnan province. C. felie abundance in stray cats, domestic dogs and cats were evaluated using body surface examination, free flea collection on the ground, flea eggs investigation as well as retrospective survey methods; and the seasonal fluctuation of C. felis in suburb of Beijing was studied using the flea eggs investigated method. Results (1) In Beijing suburb, 64.52%-83.87% of peasant households kept dogs with an average of 0.84-1.87 dogs per household, 69.2%-86.8% of the dogs were not chained, and 2.94%-6.45% of peasant households had free- roaming cats. In rural areas of Pingdu Qingdao of Shandong province 40.43% of households kept dogs, with an average of 0.50dog per household and more than 36.5% of those dogs were not chained. (2) The infection rate of C. felis in cat in rural areas of Qingdao and Beijing was 100%, while only 3.85%-19.15% of dogs were infected with Pulex irritans and C. felis. (3) In winter, C. felis still could lay a large amount of eggs in Beijing. Conclusion There were a great number of domestic dogs but few domestic cats in the rural and urban-rural areas of China, most cats were homeless. C. felis can develop on the surface of cat throughout the year. It is very important to enhance the management of stray cats and to pay more attention to the prevention and control of C. felis and other infectious diseases.

Objective To know the species, families of mosquitoes and their biodiversity, geographic division, ecological habits and relationship with mosquito-borne diseases in Yunnan province for providing technical information for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Since 1979, mosquito samples and the data on their ecological and biological characteristics were collected from different latitudes, altitudes and vegetations in 45 counties of 12 prefectures by way of the overall survey combined with the sampling survey. Results A large number of mosquito samples and a great deal of their biological information were obtained. It was identified from the samples that there were a total of 299 species, 32 subgernera, and 21 gerera in 3 subfamilies, of which 53 species were of new ones newly identified in the world and 28 species were recorded for the first time in China. Conclusion Mosquito species and genera in Yunnan were of great variety, complicate biological habits, and significant biodiversity revealed in terms of their geographic division, biological behaviors and morphological characteristics.

Mosquitoes (Culicidae) are among the best known groups of insects because of their importance to man as pests and vectors of some of the most distressing human diseases, such as malaria, filariasia, Japanese encephalitis and dengue fever. Research on mosquito fauna and diversity is fundamental for further studies of the relationship between the vector and related diseases. Yunnan province has given birth to a rich and unique mosquito fauna due to its nature diversity and complex geographical condition. Up to now, there are 296 species (subspecies), 20 genera belonging to 3 subfamily of Culicidae in Yunnan province, which takes up 75% and 95% of the known species and genera in China, respectively. This region is considered as the centre of the fauna and diversity of mosquitoes (Culicidae) in China. This review involves the up-to-date research on classification, distribution, diversity for the Yunnan mosquito fauna, and present discussing on the relationship between mosquito fauna, biodiversity and environmental factors, following with a perspective study on Culicidae.

Small mammals are known to have a wide range of diversity and distribution as well as a smaller transference. The composition of different types and the characteristics of spatial distribution are closely related to the geographical environment, climatic conditions, ecological adaptive capacity and diseases. Therefore, the fauna and diversity of small mammals have great significance in the investigation and study. The geographical distribution trends of Yunnan take on a gradual decrease in the altitude from the north to the south，where the complex exotic nature and the geographical conditions have given birth to the unique fauna and flora. There are abundant species of mammals in Yunnan with about 300 species of mammals, including many rare species, which take up 47% of the number of known species in China (about 642 species). At present, there are 201 species, 82 genera, 19 families, 6 orders of small mammals in Yunnan. In this paper, the current classification, fauna and biodiversity of small mammals in Yunnan as well as the relationship between environmental factors and diseases are presented，and perspective on the future developmental trends and challenges in terms of study on small mammals are discussed.

Objective To identify the faunal distribution and species diversity of mosquitoes and their relationship in the residential areas of Lincang city, Yunnan province. Methods The survey was conducted in the residential areas of 13 villages (towns) of the 5 counties in Lincang: Gengma, Cangyuan, Zhenkang, Yongde and Yunxian (563-2038 m above sea level). Light traps were used to capture nocturnally active adult mosquitoes overnight. The collected insects were classified, counted and statistically analyzed. Results A total of 29 621 mosquitoes were captured, belonging to 49 species in 6 genera of 2 subfamilies, including 15 species of the genera Culex, 17 species of the genera Anopheles, 10 species of the genera Aedes, 4 species of the genera Armigeres, 2 species of the genera Mansonia and 1 species of the genera Coquillettidia. Among these mosquitoes, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (69.17%) and An. sinensis (19.47%) were not the dominant species in terms of their counts but also the most widely distributed. The other 47 species (which together accounted for 11.36%) were relatively fewer with a narrower distribution. The statistics showed that the species diversity index (2.2808) and evenness index (0.7000) were highest in Yunxian, where the constituent ratio (29.47%) of the dominant species, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and the mosquito density (287.10 per trap·night) were the lowest. In contrast, Gengma county had the lowest mosquito species diversity (0.4096) and evenness index (0.1229), despite the highest constituent ratio (91.53%) of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and mosquito density (1435.70 per trap·night). This suggested that the mosquito species diversity and evenness were negatively correlated with the mosquito density and abundance of dominant species, while the mosquito density was significantly positively correlated with the abundance of dominant species. Conclusion Featuring large number and wide distribution, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and An. sinensis are the dominant species in the local residential areas. The abundance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus led the changing trends of the local mosquito density and species diversity.

Small mammals can bear or transmit dozens of natural-focus diseases, including mainly plague, murine typhus, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, leptospirosis, and scrub typhus. Their external parasites, such as ticks, mites, fleas, and lice, are the vectors of various diseases. In view of these mammals' numerous species, wide distribution and limited migration, and given that the composition and spatial distribution of different species are always closely related with the geographical environment, climates, and their adaptive capacity, as well as a variety of diseases, it is essential to study the relationship between small mammals and multiple diseases. This paper summarizes China' s current researches on the relationship between small mammals and major or common natural-focus diseases, providing the basis for further studies of zoonotic infectious diseases and corresponding prevention and control.

Objective To present the composition and spatial distribution patterns of small mammals in Hengduan Mountains, a mountainous area in the southwest of China.  Methods Based on previous serial investigations of small mammal fauna, the data of the composition and spatial distribution of small mammals were collected and statistically analyzed. The investigated areas covered from north latitude 21° up to 29°, including eight latitude zones which were denoted as Ⅰ-Ⅷ and altitude from 100 to 5000 meters, including nine altitude zones denoted as A-I, in Hengduan Mountains (west of Yunnan province). Results The small mammals identified were composed of 187 species (subspecies), 58 genera, 11 families, 5 orders in Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan. The richness distributions of small mammals in species, genera and families along the latitudinal gradient revealed that there were 44 species, 30 genera, 9 families in zone Ⅰ; 57 species, 33 genera, 9 families in zone Ⅱ; 74 species, 38 genera, 9 families in zone Ⅲ; 93 species, 43 genera, 9 families in zone Ⅳ; 101 species, 43 genera, 10 families, in zone Ⅴ; 91 species, 39 genera, 9 families in zone Ⅵ; 102 species, 40 genera, 11 families in zone Ⅶ; 67 species, 35 genera, 11 families in zone Ⅷ. A gradual increase followed by a gradual decrease was noticed in the species and genera richness distribution as the latitude increased, the peak at 24°N-27°N(the mid-latitude zone). The richness distributions along the altitudinal gradient showed 54 species, 28 genera, 8 families in zone A; 90 species, 41 genera, 9 families in zone B; 102 species, 37 genera, 9 families, in zone C; 101 species, 41 genera, 10 families in zone D; 94 species, 35 genera, 9 families in zone E; 76 species, 33 genera, 9 families in zone F; 58 species, 29 genera, 9 families in zone G; 28 species, 15 genera, 8 families in zone H; 7 species, 5 genera, 4 families in zone I. A U-shaped pattern could be observed in the species and genera richness distribution, with the peak at about 1500-3000 m (mid-altitude zone).  Conclusion Varying composition and distribution of small mammals were observed at different latitude and altitude zones in Hengduan Mountains, with relatively greater species richness seen at the mid-latitude and mid-altitude zones.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the community structure of fleas on small mammals in eight counties of southern mountainous areas in Yunnan. Methods Small mammal hosts were captured from eight counties selected randomly in southern mountainous areas and fleas were collected from the body surface of each host. Richness (S), Shannon?Wiener’s diversity index (H′), evenness (J′) and dominance index (C′) were used to measure the community structure of fleas on the hosts. Results There were 3184 small mammals captured, which belonged to 21 species,13 genera, 5 families and 4 orders. A total of 1767 fleas were collected from the small mammal hosts and were classified into 15 species, 13 genera and 5 families. There were seven dominant small mammals like Rattus tanezumi, Mus caroli, M.pahari, R.norvegicus, Suncus murinus, R.rattus sladeni and Niniventer fulvescens, and the dominant fleas were Xenopsylla cheopis, Nosopsyllus (Nosopsyllus) wualis and Leptopsylla segnis. Conclusion There are few fleas in the southern mountainous areas of Yunnan which biodiversity is lower than that in others.

【Abstract】 Objective To firstly investigate the diversity of mosquitoes in the six lake wetland of the northwestern Yunnan, including Qinghai Lake, Erhai Lake, Xihu Lake, Cibi Lake, Jianhu Lake and Caohai Lake.  Methods During August of 2007 and 2008, adult mosquitoes were caught with UV light?traps in the Lakes or some villages near to lakes and analyzed.  Results A total of 215 707 adult mosquitoes were collected and identified belonging to 2 subfamilies, 19 species and 5 genera.  Among them, Culex tritaeniorhychus was the dominant species (85.54%), and Anopheles sinensis was common species (10.95%). The statistical results suggested:  (1) The species of mosquitoes from Cibi Lake and Jianhu Lake were the most abundant, that from Xihu Lake and Caohai Lake was second. That from the Erhai Lake and Qinghai Lake was the minimum. From south to north, the species richness presents increase tendency. (2) Shannon?Wiener index and Pielou index in Cibi Lake and Caohai Lake were the highest, the second was Xihu Lake and Jianhu Lake. That in Erhai Lake and Qinghai Lake was the minimum. From south to north, the species diversity(H′) of mosquito showed an increase tendency, but the density(D) showed decrease tendency. The two distribution curve showed a negative correlation. Conclusion Species diversity and density of mosquito showed a negative correlation in lake wetland, and Cx.tritaeniorhychus, as dominant species, leaded the changing tendency of the diversity of mosquito.  In addition, many factors such as species diversity, evenness and ecological dominance reflected the effect of artificial factors on lake wetlands and environment.